Management Principles & Practice Essay

A group of twelve lifelong friends put together $1,200,000 of their own funds and built a $6,000,000, 48-lane bowling alley, near Norfolk, Virginia. Two of the investors became employees of the corporation. Ned Flanders works full-time as General Manager and James Ahmad, a licensed CPA, serves as Controller on a part-time basis. The beautiful, modern-day facility features a multilevel spacious interior with three rows of 16 lanes on two separate levels of the building, a full-service bar, a small restaurant, a game room (pool, videogames, pinball),and two locker rooms. The facility sits on a spacious lot with plenty of parking and room to grow. The bowling center is located in the small blue-collar town of Wallingford. There is no direct competition within the town. The surrounding communities include a wide-ranging mix of ethnic groups, professionals, middle- to upper-middle-class private homes, and apartment and condominium complexes ranging from singles to young married couples to senior citizen retirement units. Nearly 200,000 people live within 15 miles of Wallingford. The bowling center is open 24 hours per day and has a staff of 27 part- and full-time employees. After four years of operation, the partners find themselves frustrated with the low profit performance of the business. While sales are covering expenses, the partners are not happy with the end-of-year profit-sharing pool. The bowling center operates at 100 percent capacity on Sunday through Thursday nights from 6:00 P.M. until midnight. Two sets of men’s leagues come and go on each of those nights, occupying each lane with mostly five-person teams. Bowlers from each league consistently spend money at both the bar and restaurant. In fact, the men’s leagues combine to generate about 60 percent of total current sales. The bowling center operates at about 50 percent capacity on Friday and Saturday nights and on Saturday morning. The Friday and Saturday â€Å"open bowling† nights include mostly teenagers, young couples, and league members who come to practice in groups of two or three. The Saturday morning group is a kid’s league, ages 10 through 14. There are four ladies leagues that bowl on Monday and Wednesday afternoons. Business is extremely slow at the bowling center on Monday through Friday and Sunday mornings, and on the afternoons of Tuesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday. It is not uncommon to have just three or four lanes in operation during those time periods. The owners have taken a close look at the cost side of their business as a way to improve profitability. They concluded that while the total operating expense of $1,466,000 might appear to be high, there was in fact little room for expense cutting. At a recent meeting of the partners, James Ahmad reported on the results of his three-month-long investigation into the operating cost side of other bowling alleys and discovered that the Wallingford Bowling Center was very much in keeping with their industry. James went on to report that bowling alleys were considered to be â€Å"heavy fixed cost operations† and that the key to success and profitability lies in maximizing capacity and sales dollars . QUESTIONS 1. Apply the decision-making process described in the chapter to this case. What is the major problem facing Wallingford? List five specific alternative solutions that could be implemented to solve that major problem. 2. As general manager of this company, how could you utilize and manage the group decision-making process and technique to improve company profits? Which employees would you include in the group?

Coles Marketing Plan Essay

Cole is an Australian supermarket with large influence and market share in the country. In addition, the company contributes significantly to the nation’s economy. In essence, the company has acquired more than 30% of the market share of the supermarket industry in this nation. Specifically, the company’sproduct line consists of daily products, grocery, meat, deli, fresh produce, bake house, cigarettes, liquor, apparel, general merchandize and over head products. Notably Cole has a culture of low price as its marketing strategy of attracting and retaining customers. Fresh produce are the chief of Cole’s product line. The chain of supermarket is among the leading retailers operating more than 720 stores in Australia (Morales, 2013). The company harbors more than 90, 000 employees with a customer base of approximately 4.5 million people. Woolworths is the main competitor of Cole with 40% stake in the Industry. Others include Aldi, Speciality Foods, and Franklins. Coles together with its leading competitor have a market competitor of sale price and large customer base (Pearson and Hendricks, 2011). The company endeavors for high quality in its products, services and delivery (Szakiel and Beare, 2009).[PPD_PAYTOREADMORE] The present market strategy of Cole is geared towards the liquor, food and fuel consumers (Morales, 2013). In addition, it emphasizes on providing a diversity of products on its target markets with customers of different income. Further, Cole’s consumers are derived from all over the world (Romaniuk and Thiel, 2012). With regard to promotion, the company employs different media such as the radio, newspapers, the internet and TV in the promotion and advertisement of its products. Public relations are also another strategy in promoting the company. MARKETING OBJECTIVES The situation analysis identified some of the objectives for Cole Supermarket . Among them is increasing revenue, increasing the customer base, building customer royalty and increasing the competitive advantage. Increasing sales and revenue Just as it is for much business, increasing sales is also the core of Cole’s business objective (Simon, 2013). The objectives of this company is to increase its sales to more than $150, 000 in the first year of its establishment, the management anticipates that the second year sales will increase by 50% and the third year by 40%. By the second year of its operation, the company would have expanded to include more stores and supermarkets in various parts of the world. Coles aspires to sell as many products as possible and generate high returns. Despite this, the company faces stiff competition from mass merchandisers and restaurants in some of its products. This point to the reason why the company has relied on fresh produce, and which are which are convenient to the customers. In addition, the company has also diversified its products to include many varieties with different prices to suit customers with different economic capabilities. Cole’s Strategy has been emphasized on clients who wish to do a one stop shopping. Increasing Customer Base and Traffic Most business organizations especially start ups and small ones workvery hard to acquire a customer base (Lusch 2007). In order to achieve a customer rate in their stores, Cole’s stores are located in areas that have high traffic such as big cities and towns. You will rarely find a Cole Supermarket in a rural environment. Some of Cole’s stores are also located in near apartments, residential and business districts. Cole is also much interested in building customer loyalty in its businesses. This is the reason why it has established royalty programs in order to retain and make customers royal. These royal programs are designed in such a way that the clients are rewarded according to how they purchase products. Improving its Ratings and competitive advantage Cole endeavors to do research with regard to its various products fresh produce, meat, daily products, grocery, deli, bake  house, cigarettes, liquor,apparel, general merchandize and over head products and customer service.The reason for these phenomena is to ensure that the products and services offered are of top quality and which customers will find unique. Improving the products and services will certainly increase the company’s rating and competitive advantage in this industry(Argenti 2008). TARGET MARKET and Position The company has particularly focused on the segmented population who requires their products under one roof or in other words, one stop shopping. Cole will be much like a haven for shoppers of all economic levels and busy types who wish to tend to look for products that are unique and special. This is because; the services are faster but yet satisfying. Such people will find the high quality goods and services to their expectations. Moreover, the clients will as well appreciate the faster service and fun experience at the company’s premises , whether they are celebrating special events or simply want to enjoy the special products at low prices. Cole expects to establish more and bigger stores and supermarkets in order to improve its competitive edge among its leading competitors such asWoolworths. According to the situation analysis, the â€Å"down down† price strategy appears to stay since for many years, it has acted as its competitive edge. Hence, the low price strategy will assist the company in competing for the customers ( Mckeown, 2012). Further, the increase in its floor space for its stores and supermarkets by 2% every year is to provide more space for its groceries and fresh produce including more products such brand mix and apparel. The company anticipates adding more than 20 stores in various parts of the world in this year alone. This owes to the increased customers and expansion programs. This is also a way of establishing a platform for the steady growth and expansion for the coming years. In essence, Cole wants to penetrate into its competitor’s market share including its main rival, the Woolworths. COLES APPROACH TO THE MARKETING MIX The marketing strategy for Cole Chain of Supermarket is the creation of awareness on potential customers by use f mouth and media advertisements such as magazines radio, internet and newspapers. With regard to media, the company employs the most popular ones both in print and electronic to present their advertisements and promotions. In this way, they are able to create what is known as distinctive experience in superior products. Other means for reaching out these clients include promotions, and fliers. The strategic location of the company’s premises would be typically considered as an important function for the purpose of marketing and promotion (Allison and Kaye, 2005). The premises are established in high traffic retail areas of business districts and towns. The central business districts, residential areas and towns in this perspective offer attractive incentives for investors and other business that are in operation. Moreover, the businesses are strategically positioned and easily accessible by the public and customers, there is also an advantage of the public which comes from being located in the central business center. Cole supermarket focuses on the basically educated and progressive clients fascinated in tying out new experiences and products and those who are not satisfied with the existing products or a service that are offered in other stores and outlets. ROLE OF THE MARKET PLAN One of the main contributions of the marketing plan is defining an organization’s mission and objectives. Likewise, this marketing plan will assist Cole’s Chain of supermarkets in achieving its objectives and in defining its long-term mission (Baker, 2008). This marketing plan will assist Cole in achieving substantial if not tremendous revenue just within the few years of its operation. It will also assist in more investment in the company and expansion to more stores by the subsequent years. In addition, it is anticipated that the marketing plan will assist the company in establishing a special relation with each worker (Tracy 2000). In this way, the workers a will be made responsible for their  stores and be rewarded for the profits generated. Evaluating all indicators of each variable or environment that makes up the PESTEL analysis, it is possible to express the diagnosis of the external environment in which this business will be inserted. Thus it was found that, in general, the external environment is in favor of development of the Cole Supermarket

Leadership and Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership and Management - Research Paper Example All the complaints, problems and official liabilities of the nursing department have to be sorted by the chief nursing officer. Chief nursing officer must possess appropriate leadership skills because of the challenging demands that exist in working environment on daily basis. There are grave issues that take place in the health facilities like nursing staff deficiencies, human errors, life losses and patient dilemmas. Chief nursing officer has to make sure that the workflow of the health facility remains smooth and sound (Hader, 2011). Chief nursing officers are kind of leaders that are responsible for creating a special kind of patient care culture at the workplace so that the nurses working under him can know the fact that their main duty is to serve the needy patients whole heartedly. If the culture is based on human services and care then there will be really less issues and depleted problems. As a leader the chief nursing officers has to lead the nursing team and set examples. Chief nursing officer is responsible for creating cultures that support acts of courage and bravery in nursing. The American Organization of Nurse Executives has given a code of conduct to develop a good and groomed culture at the health care facilities (American Nurses Association, 2001). ... If the chief nursing officer will not show courage to take necessary and bold action, then there is a huge probability that the health care facility will not remain reliable in the eyes of the masses and overall organizational requirements of the hospital or health care facility will never be achieved. Corley (2002) described the ‘courage to take action’ in a morally declined society and stressful environments like that of any hospital as the most important factor in leading any health care environment. The nurses are normally over worked and inter-departmental conflicts occur on regular basis. CNO should be courageous enough to speak on behalf of the nurses and tell the upper hierarchies about the real needs of patients. Buresh and Gordon (2006) have argued that nurses must feel that the chief nursing officer is really working on their behalf and their voice is getting the appropriate outlet. Courage, conviction, and capacity to work in an adaptive way are the must have qualities of the chief nursing officers Chief nursing officers have the sole responsibility to make sure that patient care standards, clinical requirements and health standards are met at the health facility. He is accountable for any type of problems in the nursing department. Chief nursing officer has the duty to motivate, train and control the nursing staff and inculcate the fact in them that their main duty is to serve the patients. Any type of human error resulting in loss of human life or injury can cause detrimental effects to the health organization or hospital. The chief nursing officer just cannot issue orders and do nothing rather leadership and managerial

Marketing discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing discussion - Essay Example Undoubtedly offering empowering messages for everyone who would listen. The message they convey is that they are there to provide service to the human potential. Their mission has always been to provide a competitive edge, to help athletes perform better. There mission is to resides inside the mind of every athletic. Nike products monitor the human potential and this is how they continue to shape their product in order to stay competent. They are committed to the very best performance products, products of the pure imagination and to improve performance. The Nike family is a fairly vast enterprise. The diversity inherent in such size is helping Nike evolve its role as a global company. "If you have a body, you are an athlete. And as long as there are athletes, there will be Nike." Maybelline New York, the worlds top cosmetics brand, provides quality and innovation with a modern feel that every women idealize. Decades before the slogan, "Maybe she's born with it. Maybe it's Maybelline," was created in 1991, the brand was making the "it" accessible to women everywhere and empowering women worldwide to make the most of their unique beauty potential [2]. Being Famous in makeup products, the target audience is definitely women. For women the process of deciding makeup brand is very important.

ADD in Adult Hispanic Women Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

ADD in Adult Hispanic Women - Research Proposal Example are verified sufferers of ADD and ADHD. IT has been learnt that less than 25percent of the American population undergo this epidemics without any treatment or diagnosis.CONCLUSIONS: The data of last twenty five years suggest that the percentage of the diagnosed patients with ADD and ADHD has increased significantly, and it is suspected that this rising trend will continue in coming years. Hispanic population within United States is either socially deprived, illiterate or trapped under immigration laws, therefore the proportion of the exact Hispanics within U.S. suffering from ADD and ADHD shall never be precisely estimated.Recent study was conducted by UnitedHealth Group's Evercare organization and the National Alliance for Caregiving, the intent of this research was to analysis the impact of AHAD and ADD among female Hispanics. During research it was identified that more than 36percent of the Hispanic women population looked after an older loved one, this percentage is greater than the average percentage of all U.S which stands at 21 percent. As per Evercare Study of Hispanic Caregiving, "largest comprehensive look at Hispanic caregivers, also revealed that caregiving caused a major change to the working situation of Hispanics, which could have dramatic personal implications as the current fiscal crisis continues to unfold in the United States". The emotional and physical count of caregiving is suspected to influence the local and national economies, which is evident as "more than eight million Hispanics provide care to older loved ones nationwide". During research it was concluded that the availability of "additional resources and tools-in Spanish-are necessary to help them care for their loved ones" (Frances, 1999). As per study, more than 70percent of the female Hispanic caregivers belief that "important that caregiving information be provided in Spanish", they also sought arrangement of training sessions, these sessions shall assists the female population in learning caregiving skills effectively. Introduction Numerous cases of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Hispanic adults' females have been discovered, "there is a paucity of controlled pharmacological trials demonstrating the effectiveness of compounds used in treatment, particularly non-stimulants". Recent research was conducted to evaluate the "anti-ADHD efficacy of bupropion in adult patients with DSM-IV ADHD". In this research "double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, parallel, 6-week trial comparing patients receiving sustained-release bupropion to patients receiving placebo" (Frances, 1999) were evaluated. A standardized structured psychiatric instrument was used for the diagnosis of ADHD. The measurement of improvement was conducted through separate assessment of "ADHD, depression, and anxiety symptoms at baseline and on periodic basis". Bupropion has been found as effective drug against ADHDH and ADD. As per the findings of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the influence of the bupropio n as an active anti-agent for ADHD has not been supported by substantial evidence, therefore the impact of bupropion on ADHD is under investigation, however hopes for improvement is

Personal Finance Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal Finance Concepts - Essay Example With respect to an individual's financial security, this implicates the need to intelligently plan one's investments and retirement plan, not only to secure a good life for the future, but also to ensure safety from unprecedented economic crisis and financial problems. As an individual seeking to secure a retirement plan, investing in a house, gold, and retirement insurance such as Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) will be top priorities. After careful consideration of the market, these three products present the most profitable and secure values, which are crucial factors that must be considered in making an investment. First, a person's home is perhaps his most important investment. Not only does it provide an important use at present, but, given proper maintenance, ownership of a house and lot can reap high returns. Depending on the location of a house and the possible development plans in that community for the future, home values can appreciate up to 100% in a span of ten years. Furthermore, it is also a valuable asset, which could be mortgaged in times when large sums of money are needed. In addition, given its high appreciation values, houses can also be very useful for retirement, which could be sold in order to pay for membership in a comfortable retirement house in the future, or rented to earn a sizeable monthly income despite retirement. A second investment of importance are pension plans such as IRAs and 401(k)s. These pension plans, which acts like savings accounts, allows individuals to save money form their salaries before taxes and deposit them into a fund, which through the years could grow into a sizeable sum. Its importance lies in the manner that it is saved. First, since they are automatically deducted from salaries before taxes, it makes sure that a regular amount of money will be saved every month, eliminating the chance for individuals to skip payments. Furthermore, it decreases one's gross salary, decreasing income tax, which gives individuals a higher disposable income if analyzed properly. Thus, it is an efficient investment for retirement. Lastly, another investment, which is of importance, is gold. Unlike other investments, gold provides the most stable, hence safe, investment for retirement even in times of economic crisis and financial instability. On the average, its value has been increasing throughout the years. Thus, it is no question why it has endured as a viable form for keeping wealth in centuries. Another reason why gold is an important form of investment for a retirement plan is its negative correlation with the US dollar (van Eeden, 2000). There has been numerous forecasts regarding the weakening of the dollar in the coming yeas, thus, gold provides individuals with a greater sense of security. Furthermore, owning gold allows one to diversify his domestic portfolio and diversify the risks present in his other investments. Thus, gold is an important investment for retirement because it allows individuals to diversify his portfolio, hence, shielding it from the risks that could be brought about by a deeply integrated world economy, ensuring that one's retirement plan is secure. A house, an untaxed investment, and gold are three important components of a retirement plan because they are relatively stable, diverse, and could still be used in the present during hard times in mortgages and loans giving them value

Critically assess the theoretical and practical debates about Essay

Critically assess the theoretical and practical debates about stakeholding focussing either on the basic income or asset aspects. Address the issues in the context of a particular society of your choice - Essay Example The concept of stakeholding stipulates that every citizen upon attainment of an adulthood age, 21 years as proposed by Ackerman and Alstott, should receive a considerable lump sum one-time grant from the government. The amount given should be sufficient to qualify one as a significant wealth owner. Ackerman and Alstott recommended that the amount should total $80,000 in the United States (Ackerman et al, 2006). This essay is aimed at critically assessing the theoretical and practical debates concerning stakeholders grant in relation to basic income or assets. The Presented discussion will be addressed in the context of African American society in the United States. The need for contemporary public policies has been necessitated by the transformative nature of the current labour market. Sherraden (2005) argued that market risks no longer impact directly on collective intermediary, government and insurance institutions but affects individuals and consequently their families. The current framework of social welfare has proved ineffective as witnessed from the deterioration of means tested program systems and lack of will by the governing institutions. Therefore, Ackerman and Alstott noted that the introduction of stakeholding would lead to progressive redistribution of wealth among members of the society (Ackerman et al, 2006). According to Paxton and White (2005), social policy campaign by egalitarian crusaders of has been focused on the redistribution of resource ownership. Proponents of stakeholding as form of social policy argues that highly privileged individuals inherit wealth from their parents while children from poor backgrounds are like ly to continue languishing due to absence of inheritance. In such a scenario, underprivileged African Americans have been left without prerequisite resources to attend colleges and universities. Arguments by Ackerman and Alstott have been evidenced by the extent of income disparity between

Drama in literature Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Drama in literature - Research Paper Example entral idea of a drama or its theme is manifested through dialogue or action in the play or something which can be determined at the end of the entire show. Plot, as another significant element, pertains to the logical sequence of events within which distinct characters are connected. While the plot establishes the integral part of the play, the characters convey how plot should communicate the meaning or essence of drama, especially the theme being endorsed, to the target audience (Elements of Drama). Music which consists in the background score through songs and the sound effects the rhythm and melodious content of which serve as an ingredient element to enhance the quality of presentation, functions with the dialogue to stimulate further the intellect and sentiment of the viewers. Since drama is intended to be seen and heard at the same time, audio-visual aspects collaborate such that the visual element in costumes, props, and other visual effects make up the chief component that measures the extent to which the play is appealing to the each watcher (Elements of Drama). For the characters to develop the theme in drama, the actors playing distinct roles as such ought to assume them in a manner that displays realistic motives, thoughts and actions. As protagonist or the main character is met by the antagonist, there is in conflict a discovery of epiphany or revelation or anagnorisis, a truth signified through the pertinent acts being carried by the characters. On the other hand, the dimension, the type of atmosphere or setting in which the author or playwright locates the plot is showcased through differing background or physical environment to coincide with the progress of action. The setting includes lighting, paraphernalia as props, and gestures or movements that might contribute to animate and bring the play to achieve the life which is expected to flow with the drama and theme under development (Drama Guidelines). Essentially, the play is developed to

Editorial ON Afro-Caribbean Diaspora, how the Jompy can provide Essay

Editorial ON Afro-Caribbean Diaspora, how the Jompy can provide convenience and speed in the UK and Health and Wealth in Africa and the Caribbean - Essay Example To keep you outdoor rejuvenating exercise safe, you should never use the untreated wild water for drinking purpose. The Jompy portable heater is a great option to take out with you while camping or BBQing. It has been developed by Scottish inventor David Osborne. The Jompy has a frying pan shape comprising of lightweight metal tubing bent into flat coil with side by side joined ends. When the water source is attached on one end of tubing, the water flow through the coil and then exits from the remaining end of the tubing. The jumpy could be placed over fire or any type of burning fuel to generate maximum heat. The water will boil in the tubing and will become purified for drinking and other uses. It comes in three different sizes to suit different water needs of people. Jompy is not simply aimed to help the campers and people seeking outdoor fun but it has even wider applications because it could help people in the deprived area to make water pure and usable for drinking and cooking purpose. Jompy makes it possible for you to have safe outdoor adventure while helping your countryman living with contaminated water problems. When you take one jompy with you during your outdoor activity you got the chance to send another one to the people living anywhere in the Afro-Carrabin region. There is a great deal for the people who want to add ease and safety to their lives as well as to the lives of people living at their homeland. The Jompy portable heaters not only make the outdoor activities safe and convenient but it also allow people living in the Afro-Caribbean Diaspora to make their health qualities better by purifying the water using this innovative and useful product. It is found that over one billion of people of world have no access to clean water for drinking due to which they are suffering from various life

Human Resources Development and Leadership Essay

Human Resources Development and Leadership - Essay Example mbination of the traits, skillsets and personality of a particular individual that are developed within the context of racial, ethnic, or educational setting with each individual having an exclusive personal culture. On the other hand, national culture can be considered as shared understanding that originates from a set of beliefs, perceptions and values that provide a foundation for a nation’s heritage. Even though national culture is a communal understanding, people in a nation continue to have a broad variety of beliefs concerning their country. Corporate culture is a blend of broadly shared institutional principles, morals and the guiding philosophies of the organization that is typically highlighted in its mission and vision statements. Organizational culture has similarities to the national culture in that individuals in the firm usually perceive their firms differently (Witte & Muijen, 1999). These differing perceptions usually align themselves with the level of the ind ividual in the hierarchy of the firm. It produces leaders who have varying views of their corporate culture in comparison to those who are in lower levels of the firm. Understanding the manner in which these perceptions differ is a significant aspect of the job of every leader. Culture is not an external aspect as it exists within the person and cannot be separated from other learned skills (Matsumoto & Juang, 2004). Therefore, the development of multicultural awareness, understanding and competencies should be considered as a professional responsibility and an opportunity for any leader. With billions of workers residing and working in diverse environments, there are numerous opportunities for nurturing cultural awareness, understanding and skillsets. People living in unfamiliar cultures have a higher likelihood of becoming more multicultural in their understanding of alternative morals, traditions and ways of life, which were initially odd and unfamiliar (Ford, 1999). In some instance,

Introduction to Prokaryotes Essay Example for Free

Introduction to Prokaryotes Essay Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that can survive in extreme environments. Bacteria is the more numerous type of prokaryotes. The group hypothesizes that the samples taken from different environments will all cultivate diverse morphology in fast growing rates in each environment. The aseptic technique was used to cultivate bacteria from different environments. The diversity of morphology and the growing rate of the bacteria was different in each environment. Introduction Prokaryotes are the oldest known life-forms, having existed for the last 3. 5 billion years. Microscopic in size, they are single-celled organisms. Prokaryotic species can survive in extreme habitats that the other life-forms are not capable of inhabiting. Prokaryotes have different shapes, the three most common shapes are spherical (cocci), rod shaped (bacilli), and spiral (spirilla). The prokaryotic cellular structures are unique to their classification. Prokaryotes have an external cell wall and a plasma membrane. The cell wall keeps the shape of the cell, protects the cell, and averts the cells from bursting in a hyposmotic environment. Prokaryotic cells contain a unique material called peptidoglycan (Sadava et al. , 2011). See more: how to write an introduction Also metabolic diversity is among the criteria used in classifying prokaryotes. The term nutrition refers to the means an organism uses to obtain two energy sources: energy and a carbon source. Carbon sources may be either organic, meaning from a living organism, or inorganic, such as carbon dioxide. Prokaryotes split into two lineages known as Archae and Bacteria. The Bacteria are more numerous than the Archae. Bacteria can be endospore-forming bacteria. Bacteria that form endospores are able to survive harsh and severe conditions. Bacteria can also be Enteric Bacteria, they inhabit the intestinal tracts of animals. One species is Escheria coli. Wild-type Escheria strains are able to grow on a variety of carbon and energy sources, such as sugars and amino acids. Some strains of Escheria are pathogenic. The detection of Escheria coli in water is a sign of contamination. Another group of pathogenic enteric bacteria are members of the genus Salmonella. These members are responsible for food poisoning and typhoid. Prokaryotes play very important roles in our environment. They are involved in the cycling of nutrients and elements in a variety of ways. Many prokaryotes are decomposers that metabolize organic compounds in dead organisms. These decompositions processes result in the return of vast quantities of carbon dioxide, inorganic nitrogen, and sulfur to our ecosystems. Other species are important as symbiotic partners with other organisms (Walsh et. al. , 2010). The diversity of the prokaryotic world is huge, and to have a better sense of knowledge of bacteria diversity in different environments an experiment to observe bacteria growth diversity in colder temperature is conducted. The group hypothesizes that the samples taken from different environments will all cultivate diverse morphology in fast growing rates in each environment. The independent variable in the experiment is the temperature control and the dependent variable is the number of colonies. Materials and Methods Seven different environments were chosen to create bacteria from and cultivated on a nutrient-rich media in eight Petri dishes. The bacteria are cultivated on TSA medium, an all-purpose medium used for cultivating all types of bacteria. Sterile water and sterile swabs are used to sample the bacteria from the environment. To make sure that the bacteria was loosened from the environment and stuck on to the swab, the swab was dipped in the sterile water immediately before taking the sample. Carefully opened the Petri dish and swiped the swab across the plate in a â€Å"Z† pattern. Closed the Petri dish and marked it with its corresponding environment. This was repeated seven times each with a different environment. The first environment was the frame of the classroom chalkboard. The second environment was the chair seat of the classroom. The third environment was the bottom of the shoe of one of our group members. The fourth environment was the floor mat inside the doorway of the Biology building. The fifth nvironment was the stair railing handle from the stairwell of the Biology building. The sixth environment was the spacebar on the keyboard of the laboratory computer. The seventh environment was the mouthpiece of the water fountain in the Biology building. To enable us to check whether or not our aseptic technique was effective the eight Petri dish was our control plate that was struck with the sterile water only. These streaks with sterile water represent control treatments. The bacteria was incubated at 37 °C for 2-3 days and then put into the refrigerator for storage. Results Two of the Petri dishes had small bacteria diversity and also a slow growth rate- the chair seat of laboratory environment sample and the water fountain mouthpiece sample (Table 1). Three of the Petri dishes had medium bacteria diversity and regular growth- the frame of the chalkboard, the stair railing handle from the stairwell, and the spacebar of the keyboard (Table 1). The other two Petri dishes had medium bacteria diversity and fast growth rate- the bottom of the shoe and the floor mat inside the doorway of the Biology building (Table 1). The Petri dish with the sterile water streaks had no bacteria growth or diversity indicating our aseptic technique was effective. Discussion The results that were obtained in the experiment did not support the hypothesis that there would be large diversity and fast growing rates in each environment. Every environment sample had its own growth rate and bacteria diversity. The primary reason may be that conditions are rarely optimum. Scientists who study bacteria try to create the optimum environment in the lab: culture medium with the necessary energy source, nutrients, pH, and temperature, in which bacteria grow predictably. Most of the strains used in the classroom either require oxygen for growth or grow better with oxygen. These bacteria will grow better on agar plates, where air readily diffuses into the bacterial colony, or in liquid cultures that are shaken. Since diffusion of oxygen into liquid depends on the surface area, it is important to have a large surface; volume ratio. This means that cultures will grow best in flasks in which the volume of liquid is small relative to the size of the vessel. Also another factor that affects growth is the nutritional medium. Bacteria grow best when optimal amounts of nutrients are provided.

The Effect Of Technology On Human Thinking

The Effect Of Technology On Human Thinking This essay starts an exploration of how technologies impact the human way of thinking. In particular, it examines how the new computers technologies affect the architecture design. The first section highlights the relationship between human values and technology through reviewing some contradicted philosophical views and studying how the information technology inspired the way its work from the human brain. The second section goes in more specifically to review the connection between architecture design and technology, while the third section analysis some architecture Computer Technologies have significantly changed the human life in the twentieth century, and the premise is that information technology has arguably been the most important driver of change in our lives and will carry on to be so far at least the next several decades is completely true. Computer has altered every aspect of our life from a social standpoint to the most importantly a communication standpoint. As a result of this change there was a clash between computer technology and human values especially in the mid of the last century when the first generation of computers was produced. Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) was one of the most innovative, influential and controversial thinker of the twentieth century and there is no philosopher describes the conflict of human value and technology so precisely as Heidegger. Unfortunately, Heidegger died before seeing the most powerful technological revolution and the wide spread of microcomputer, he just saw the first generation of computers, but the nature of his work allows him to cover the hole between the period before computers and after, and therefore his writings become the starting point for the other thinkers to identify with the new situation of the technology and the societies. Heidegger when he coupled between being and time, he knew that reality changes and with it the task of thinking. He sensed the rapidity of change in the twentieth century, and he appeared to predict what librarians grasp today: the image of humanist scholar in the book-crammed study, thinking deep thoughts, will continue to be less and less viable in the professional scholarship.(Holibaugh, 1988). This recent notice by Holibaugh the director of Olin and Chalmers libraries at Kenyon College prove what Heidegger in his writings assumed: our rapid technological advance challenges the legacy of human thinking (Heim, 1993). Heidegger in 1967 said in his own writings when he saw the rising crest of information: Maybe history and tradition will fit smoothly into the information retrieval systems that will serve as a resource for the inevitable planning needs of a cybernetically organized mankind. The question is whether thinking, too, will end in the business of information processing (Heidegger, 1967). Not far from Heidegger Marshall McLuhan, 1911-80. Communication theorist, who did not live to see the proliferation of personal computers. He credited technology with breaking the linearity of human lives and thinking, McLuhan (1964) described the twentieth century, it is the speed of electric involvement that creates the integral whole of both private and public awareness. We live today in the age of information and of communication because electric media instantly and constantly create a total field of interacting events in which all men participate. By the mid-twentieth century there were some philosophical views have argued that the computer appears as a rival intelligence that challenges the human being to a contest (Heim, 1993). Hubert Dreyfus the professor of philosophy in University of California Has studied the danger of computers and he conclude that we must know exactly what computers can and what computers cant do, Dreyfus said that the midtwentieth century culture tended to read the human being as an information processing system and the researchers described the brain as a programmed digital computer. Dreyfus noted that the brain can be described as processing information because its physicality and this will leads us into unexamined dogma that the human thinking operates in formal patterns and that appropriately programmed computers possibly will repeat thought patterns. If computers could repeat thought patterns, might we not then reasonable say that computer think or have artificial intelligence (Heim, 1993). Dreyf us continued to argue that the human thinking and expertise depend primarily on unconscious instincts rather than conscious symbolic manipulation and these unconscious abilities could never be obtain in formal systems. Dreyfus critique was based on modern philosopher like Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty, Dreyfus applied Heideggers critique of technology to computers, but he understand the computer too narrowly as an artificial intelligence device and he saw the computer only as opponent. Dreyfus wrote in the introduction of his book What Computers Still Cant Do (1992), Artificial intelligence, our programs to a great degree are problems rather than solutions. If a researcher tries to write an understanding program, it isnt because he has thought of a better way of implementing this well-understood task, but because he hopes he can come closer to writing the first implementation. If he calls the main loop of his program UNDERSTANDING, he is (until proven innocent) merely begging the ques tion. He may mislead a lot of people, most prominently himself, and enrage a lot of others. Very different point of view from Dreyfuss belief which instead of regarding the computer as a potential rival it is better to interface with computers. The computers play a fundamental role in human life and it have many purposes and it has used in various types of environments, such as educational, medical, entertainment, and so on. Computer has become an important thread in the texture of the human civilization and human daily reliance on computers influences the way the culture proceeds in everything. As a result, the research and the development today are moving away from the artificial intelligence to research in human computer interaction, including information environment virtual reality by augmented human bodily perception. CYBERSPACE, and changing the way of life Since the last decade in the twentieth century, computer networks have captured people attention. All types of media have been filled with news about the internet (information superhighway) and of the financial and political fortunes to be made on it. As a result, the sales of computers increase dramatically and more people are getting connected to the net. Computer networks are now have many purposes and widely used. There are many terms have been used to describe the information superhighway such as the net, the web, and cyberspace, while each one emphasize different feature of network technology and its role, meaning and impact. Whichever the term is used, it is clear that computer networks have a great impact on our life by creating many new social atmospheres in which people can meet and interact with one another (Kollock, P.,Smith, M., 1999). Heim (1993) wrote describes the cyberspace in the information age, a mystic glow surrounds the term cyberspace. Every type of interface forms a window or doorway into cyberspace. Cyberspace suggests a computerized dimension where we move information about and where we find our way around data. Cyberspace renders a represented or artificial world, a world made up of information that our systems produce and that we feed back into the system. Just as a chessboard set up the checkered game space of its own world of rooks and knights, pawns and bishops, so too the computer interface holds its field of moves, hierarchy of files, places to go, and relative distances between points of interest. We inhabit cyberspace when we feel ourselves moving through the interface into relatively independent world with its own dimensions and rules. The more we habituate ourselves to an interface, the more we live in cyberspace, in what William Gibson calls the consensual hallucination. Cyberspace changes the way human lives and communicates, moreover it can cast a spell of passivity on their live. People talk to the system, telling it what to do, but the system language and process come to direct people psychology. In cyberspace people look throughout the interface unconscious as they peer through an electronic framework where their symbols (data, words, simulation) come below precise control, where things appear with startling clarity. Heim (1993) in his essay from interface to cyberspace wrote in cyberspace we forget ourselves as we evolve into our fabricated worlds. With our faces up against it, the interface is hard to see. Because information technology fits our minds, it is the hardest of all to think about. Nothing is closer to us. We can miss it as easily as we overlook a pair of eyeglasses on the bridge of the nose or a contact lens on the cornea. Cyberspace is an infinite cage as described by William Gibson (1988), in the cyberspace people can travel continuously without borders, and as cyberspace is electronic, people electronically can represent the actual world and moreover the possible and imagined worlds. Cyberspace creates a new way of interaction, coordination and communication which are different than face to face communication. According to this shift thousands of spaces to house conversations and exchange have established between different groups of people from very different and far area in the world, this kind of shift made communication more practical and convenient. By using network interaction media like email, conference system, and chat people have formed thousand of groups to discuss a wide range of topics politically, culturally, socially, entertainment and even work on a range of complex collective projects. Actually cyberspace in not just a new way of communication, it creates more than that, it is sustaining and supporting many-to-many interactions (Harasim, 1993). People in cyberspace create many kinds of social spaces, but there are two different visions regarding that. The first one touches the positive effects of networks and their benefits democracy and prosperity. The famous proponent is AI Gore (1993), said Our new ways of communicating will entertain as well as inform. More importantly they will educate, promote democracy, and save lives. And in the process they will also create a lot of new jobs. In fact, they are already doing it. The direct benefit is that networks will create new areas of assembly that will generate opportunities for employment, political participation, entertainment, and social contact. Moreover networks can renew community by strengthening the links that connect us to a wider social world while concurrently increasing our influence in that world (Kollock, P.,Smith, M., 1999). The other view remarks that this glowing vision is to some extent driven by significant investment in advertising, public relation, and political rhetoric. Many critic s see the dim side in which individuals are trapped and ensnared in the net that predominantly offers new opportunities for surveillance and social control. Theodore Roszak (1986), information technology has the obvious capacity to concentrate political power, to create new forms of social obfuscation and domination. At the same time as these critics do not rule out the idea that computers and networks enhance the power of individuals, they suppose that networks will disproportionately increase the strength of existing concentrations of power (Kollock, P.,Smith, M., 1999). William Mitchell in his book City of Bits (1995) has described the Cyberspace as a spatial city, he saw a lot of similarity between spatial places and places in the cyberspace, and physical bath and the logical links. In the cyberspace the structures of the access and exclusion are reconstructed in entirely non-architectural term (architecture as materially constructed form) entering and exiting place not physically but traveling through logical linkages. In the cyberspace many of the places are public, similar to squares, public building, and streets; they have uncontrolled access. On the other side there are also private, like mailboxes and houses; it can be access only for the one who has the key or demonstrate that his belong (getting into private electronic mailbox, for instance, required to identify the user and present the correct password). And sometimes, as with football stadium and Movie Theater, you have to pay to enter. The software walls once built can be breached, privacy can be violated, and the locks can be broken, the cyberspace has also its outlaw hackers and posses of lawmen chasing them, its viruses and Trojan horses, and its burgeoning mythology of transgression and retribution (Mitchell, 1995). Within the cyberspace moving from place to another following logical links instead of physical paths.Macintosh operating system has a graphical user interface; in this system the places are nested to form a strict hierarchy: going down a level by clicking on a folder icon to open a window into a place, and returning back a level by clicking on a corner of window to close it, just like Dorothy clicked her heels to get back to Kansas( Mitchell, 1995). PERVASIVE COMPUTING (THE INTERACTIVE FUTURE) Pervasive computing represents a paradigm shift from building virtual worlds toward embedding information technology into the ambient social complexities of the virtual word Malcolm McCollough, 2004 Pervasive or Ubiquitous computing can be defined as computation thoroughly integrated into everyday objects and activities, and it is often regarded as the intersection of computer science, behavioral science, and design Michael Fox and Miles Kemp, 2009 Pervasive computing or Ubiquitous computing is a new model of human computer interaction, in pervasive computing aims to integrate information processing into everyday objects and activities, actually this model is the advancement of desktop paradigm. The use of the term pervasive computing concerning primarily when the objects involved, while ubiquitous computing in relation to human activities. Today information technology allows people to interact indirectly, remotely, and asynchronously, and digital systems that are carried, worn, and embedded into physical situation can fundamentally change how people interact. Architects, ethnographers, psychologists, and cultural geographers hardly understand the consequences of all this mediation from their disciplines views, much less the implications for any new synthesis in design (Smith, 2007). The field of interaction design explores how interactive technology mediates everyday experience, the more it becomes subject matter for design. The best example for that is the electric light that may used to read a book, the most significant technology tend to disappear into daily life. A number of these technologies work without people knowing about them, and other demand people occasional monitoring. Some technologies require tedious operation, and others invite more rewarding participation, like games or sports. In fact these distinctions are degrees of interactivity (McCullough, 2004). The computer is first truly inactive technology and it has increased the need and the demand for the interaction design. Computer is not just document production tool, network computing has long since become a social medium. Brenda Laurel declared in the early 1990s, The real significance of computing has become its capacity to let us take part in shared representation of action. These representations can be of organization, activities, work practices or communities of interest. The word pervasive has become more common to give emphasis to the invisibility of chips in everyday things. According to a characterization from the year 2000 by from the national institute for standards and technology pervasive computing is (1) numerous, casually accessible, often invisible computing devices, (2) frequently mobile or embedded in the environment, (3) connected to an increasingly ubiquitous network structure. Intel the largest microprocessor manufacturer announced the technological future at the turn of millennium: Computing, not computer will characterize the next era of the computer age. The critical focus in the very near future will be on ubiquitous access to pervasive and largely invisible computing resources. A continuum of information processing devices ranging from microscopic embedded devices to giant server farms will be woven together with a communication fabric that integrates all the todays networks with the networks of future. Adaptive software will be self-organizing, self-configuring, robust and renewable. At every level and in every conceivable environment, computing will be fully integrated with our daily lives. Business week, in its 21 Ideas for the 21st Century, said: In the next century, planet earth will don an electronic skin. It will use the internet as a scaffold to support and transmit sensations. This skin is already being stitched together. It consists of millions of embedded electronic measuring devices: thermostats pressure gauges, pollution detectors, cameras, microphones, glucose sensors, EKGs, electroencephalographs. These will probe and monitor cities and endanger species, the atmosphere, our ships, highways and fleets of trucks, our conversations, our bodies even our dreams. Project Oxygen at Massachusetts Institute of Technology said about the pervasive computing: in the future, computation will be human centered. It will be freely available everywhere, like batteries and power sockets, or oxygen in the air breathe. It will be enter the human world, handling or goals and needs and helping us to do more while doing less. We will not need to carry our own devices around with us. Instead configurable generic devices, either handheld or embedded in the environment, will bring computation to us, whenever we might be. As we interact with these anonymous devices, they will adopt our personalities. They will respect our desires for privacy and security. We won,t have to type, click, or learn new computer jargon. Instead, we will communicate naturally, using speech and gestures that describe our intent (send to Hari or print that picture on the nearest color printer), and leave the computer to carry out our will. In the other side, there are many people get nervous by the so much advanced technology. McCullough (2004) said, Recently we have witnessed a paradigm shift from cyberspace to pervasive computing. Instead of pulling us through the looking glass into some sterile, luminous world, digital technology now pours out beyond the screen, into our messy places, under our laws of physics; it is built into our rooms, embedded in our props and devices-everywhere. He also continued criticizing the advanced technologies by saying, The cutting edge dulls on everyday life. Often the technologies on which new expectation are based blend into the fabric of everyday existence. Like the telephone before it, for instance, the internet has begun to fade into banal, unlovely normalcy. Other technologies are rejected for errors in principle. Much as bloodletting turned out to be in accurate in medicine, so virtual reality left out some important details- such as the fact that we oriented spatially not just with our eyes, but also with our body. Then too, other technologies obsolete by unforeseen alternatives, as a freight trains were by interstate trucking. Ubiquitous computing has neglected the significance of context in its universal version. Humanity has spent a long period to build conventions, languages, and the architecture of physical places. Technology has altered those elements of culture, but seldom done away with them. Context appears to have unintended consequences for information technology. Surveillance also one of the bad effects of pervasive computing and it has become an unfortunate fact of life, especially since the events of 9/11, people fear that the new roles of computer technology and pervasive computing are mostly about surveillance. The loss of privacy has become a central theme in cultural studies of pervasive computing and information technology (McCullough, 2004). SMART ENVIRONMENT in the future, computer will become intrinsically integrated into our lives to the extent that we will design objects, systems, and our architectural environments around the capabilities of embedded computation, and not the other way around Interactive (smart) architecture is not about technology, but about revealing new possibilities of global relationships between architecture and people in forming a symbiotic noosphere. A building is a network for living in Mahesh B. Senagala, 2009 It is time to stop asking what architecture is and start asking what it can do Michael Fox and Miles Kemp, 2009 Smart environments is a new kind of architecture aims to create spaces and objects that can meet the changing needs with respect to evolving individual, social, and environmental demands. .Mark Weiser (1988) has defined the smart environment as a physical world that is richly and invisibly interwoven with sensors, actuators, displays, and computation elements, embedded seamlessly in the everyday objects of our lives, and connected through a continuous network. The smart environments are envisioned as the byproduct of pervasive computing and the availability of cheap computing power which enhance the human interaction with the system and make it a pleasant experience. Today, there are many terminology have been used to give the meaning such as Intelligent Environment, Interactive Architecture, Soft Space, and Responsive Environment. Michael Mozer said when he was describing the intelligence of the Adaptive House in the late 1990s as that which arises from homes ability to predict the behavior and needs of the inhabitants by having observed them over a period of time. The developers of the adaptive house instead of programming the house to achieve certain actions, the house have the ability to program itself by monitoring the environment the environment and sensing actions performed by the occupants, and learning to predict the future status of the house. MITs Intelligent Room project is another example of the smart environment which it has applied different approach from the previous. The intend of the project was to experiment with different forms of natural, multimodal human interaction by embedding computational smarts into everything with which the user come into contact. This project has succeed to allow computers to participate in activities that have never previously involved computation and has allowed people to interact with computational system the way as they would interact with other people (Coen, 1998). From the previous two examples, the main characteristic of the smart environment is the two ways of interaction between the space and the occupants of the space, this interaction mediated by embedded computation into everyday objects and activities. Fox and kemp (2009) argued the current landscape of interactive space is built upon the convergence of embedded computation (intelligence) and physical counterpart (kinetics) that satisfies adaptation within contextual framework of human and environmental interaction.

The Importance Of Performance Assessment Education Essay

The Importance Of Performance Assessment Education Essay Introduction Assessment had undergone a major shift from that as a measure of students performance in pencil and paper test to assessing a broader area that does not only include students knowledge and understanding but also essential skills. These skills for instance, communication, problem solving, investigation and even thinking skills are few of the intended abilities that are required for teachers to instil in their teaching. These are also one of the aims of the Ministry of Education in the new education system, SPN 21. In Brunei itself, the secondary schools have begun to implement such task in their curriculum. Brunei Common Assessment Task or better known as BCAT has started in the year 2011. Students are assessed base on their performance on the task by using rubric which comprised of three assessed dimensions. The first dimension is knowledge and understanding while the second dimension includes thinking skill, problem solving and investigation skill and the last one is communication skill. The Importance of Performance Assessment Performance assessment, also known as alternative or authentic assessment, is a form of testing that requires students to perform a task rather than select an answer from a ready-made list. It is designed to provide a more complete picture of student achievement in a particular area (Sweet, 1993). In other words, students are assessed through observing their performances and examining the products they have produced throughout the lesson. The purpose of performance assessment is to evaluate the actual process of doing an object of learning. Students are expected to be able to apply knowledge learnt in class to solve problems in the task. Apart from that, students may need to use their thinking skill in order to complete the task. Teachers as evaluators will be able to judge the quality of their students abilities, witness their students progress and facilitate them to a higher level of conceptual and procedural knowledge (Slater, n.d.) during which the task is conducted. Tasks that are meaningful may enhance students interest towards mathematics learning as they could make sense of what they learnt while performing (Ng, Koh, Kelly Yue, 2009). With further understanding on the tasks, students will be able to apply mathematical concepts learnt in real life context (Goldman Hasselbring, 1997; Lim, Tan Wei Lin, 2011). Not only that by giving performance assessment tasks students are well guided on their level of achievement as they get immediate feedback based from the rubric assessed by their teachers. Self and peer assessment are also encouraged in order to acknowledge their level of competencies in that particular topic. The importance of performance task does not focus on the students only. Teachers also benefit from implementing such tasks in their teaching. Different topics could be integrated into one performance task, thus teachers need not to give up certain topics or favourite activities in their classroom and time would be managed efficiently. This kind of integration along with traditional testing would give a comprehensive picture of students performance. The aforementioned was suggested by Hibbard, Wagenen, Lewbebel et al. (1996) whereby traditional testing should be simultaneously working with the performance task in order to produce a better way to deliver the curriculum (Figure 1). http://www.ascd.org/ASCD/images/publications/books/hibbard1996_fig1.gif Figure 1. Students literacy. Students Difficulty in Learning and Understanding on Fractions The topic being assessed was on fractions in real life. Fraction is considered one of the most difficult topics encountered by students. Many studies had reported of its difficulties where students struggled in understanding the concept on fractions. Suffolk and Clements (2003) studied students in Form 1 and Form 2 from 27 secondary schools in Brunei had found out that many students were experiencing serious difficulties with elementary fractions tasks. Another study by Zurina (2003) involving Form 4 (N-Level) students discovered that students had very poor knowledge and understanding of fractions and decimals. The major contributing factors were that teacher spent large amount of time on preparing students for high-stake examination, therefore the traditional drill and practice method was mostly employed by teachers. She further commented that teaching and assessment methods were not generating towards the desired quality of the students. Description of the Task The task comprised of six questions with the first four related to each other. The next two questions are the application problems which are quite similar to the first four (refer to Appendix A). Question 1 until 4 assesses the students knowledge and understanding of their concept on fractions. These include the interpretation of fraction and understanding the key word which is remaining and remainder. Meanwhile Question 5 and 6 are the application of operation in fraction to solve problems, through which the thinking skills, problem solving and investigation, and communication skills are assessed (refer to Appendix B for rubrics). Each dimension were given a score from 1 to 5 depending on the different criteria as stated in Appendix B. Lesson plan for carrying out the task was designed prior the class (refer to Appendix C). Class Observation The task was conducted on the 27th September 2012 in an all girls school in Brunei Darussalam. It was intended for Year 7 students and the topic being assessed was on Fraction in Real Life. There were 22 students involved in this study with an average mathematical ability. The duration of the study followed the mathematics period which was 50 minutes. The session started with a brief review on the topic specifically on the four operations of fractions. After 5 minutes, the task sheets were distributed to the students including the rubrics. Students were given an explanation of what they should do for the task and what was expected according to the rubric. Students were asked to work together in a pair and the use of calculators was allowed. Teachers involved were making rounds while giving help when necessary to the students throughout the lesson. During the lesson, most of the students were working on their task with few of the students did not communicate with their partners. It could be observed that few students were struggling in understanding the first question. These students managed to shade the boxes with their colour pencils. However, they did not label their shadings as they were instructed in the question. Furthermore, students were found having difficulty to proceed to the next question. Since the second question was asking the students to shade three-eighths of the remainder, few students had shaded three boxes on their diagram. More problems arose as they moved on to the next question where students were found to shade ten boxes rather than four, which was the actual answer. As for the fourth question, since they got it wrong from the second and the third question, their final solution was also incorrect. Questions 5 and 6 were the application problems. Students need to understand the problems and think before they could proceed. The first part of the question was an easy and straight forward question which a lot of the students managed to answer. Whereas the second part of Question 5 was difficult for students to solve even though it was a similar problem to those in Questions 1 to 4. Question 6 was the least answered by the students during the lesson. Results and Discussions Table 1 Mean Scores for Each Dimensions Knowledge and Understanding Thinking Skills, Problem Solving and Investigations Communication Skills 3.59 1.77 1.68 From the analysis of the rubrics, it was found that the mean score for each dimension were as shown in Table 1 above. Based from the results, most students were able to show correct fraction diagrams in Question 1, 2 and 3. This showed that the students had basic knowledge on fractions but little on understanding the problem. Meanwhile, students only managed to apply a strategy and obtain incomplete solutions to both application problems which indicated that they were unable to reach the standard intended for their level. This further affected their communication skills by which they were unable to illustrate and reason their solutions. From the observations, teachers found out that there was a slight improvement throughout the lesson for knowledge and understanding dimension only. This was because the students spent more time trying out Questions 2 and 3 compared to the rest of the questions, a reason why Question 6 was the least answered. This was also the reason why the teachers involved were unable to rate the students on the other two dimensions during the lesson conducted.. Analysing at each question, all the students had no problem with attempting Question 1. However, students were having difficulty in finding the right number of squares to be shaded in Question 2 and 3. This was mainly due to the misunderstanding of the word remaining in the question. Students were using the original number of squares to find the number of squares to be shaded in Questions 2 and 3. This led to their inability to find the correct response for Question 4. With regards to Questions 5 and 6, students were also having similar problem of understanding the word remaining and remainder as posted in the previous questions. This brought an impact towards the overall performance of the students for these two application questions. Few tried the questions but were unsuccessful in getting the correct answers, others left it unattempted. Reflection and Conclusion From the above discussion, it could be concluded that overall the lesson ran smoothly and only the first objective was achieved as indicated from the mean scores of the rubric. Students were found to be quite engaged in the activity. Students thinking could be observed through their working and when they asked questions clarifying their difficulties. However less communication with their partner could be observed during the lesson. Low students interaction resulted in different scores achieved by few groups. Apart from that, students were seen more focused on finishing the first task rather than the application problems. Perhaps, this is because the first activity targeted on the basic understanding on fractions in real life and students assumed that the questions were easy since diagrams were provided. Feedback from the students was asked towards the end of the lesson where commonly they claimed that the tasks were overly difficult. This kind of response had shown that the students who participated in this task were not exposed to this kind of assessment approach. It was also found from the above analysis that there were few limitations on the task. Firstly, difficulty in rating students scores was encountered. This is because few of them had left their task unanswered and the rubric designed had specified one mark for no attempt in the third dimension, the communication skill. This had shown that the rubric itself was lacking of fairness. This should be modified in the future if one would implement the task in their class. Secondly, a proper classroom observation checklist which assesses other attributes apart from what the rubrics had specified should have been developed. At least, from this checklist, a wider perspective such as students interaction with their peers and also with the teachers involved could be further evaluated. Finally, as discussed before, the tasks only concentrate on a key word remaining which is a confusing concept to the students. This can be modified by adding different concept rather than focusing on just one.

Women Athletes of the 1920s Essay -- Sports, Upper-Class Women

The 1920s was a time for many new opportunities for women in America, including participating in sports and becoming athletes. Prior to the Roaring Twenties, only upper-class women had participated in sports. These wealthy women had joined sports clubs, social clubs, and country clubs. They engaged in sports at institutions, as well as playing sports while vacationing in Europe (Women’s Sports Foundation, 2/21/2011). An example of a woman like this would be Jordan Baker, a character from the novel The Great Gatsby. Jordan is a competitive golfer in the novel. Baker comes from the wealthy, upper-class, and is ‘old money’. Consumerism of the 1920s caused the amount of clubs and sports teams for women to multiply. This materialistic attitude of Americans caused the economy to boom, thus providing more money for leisure activities. Institutions, churches, and saloons sponsored sports teams for women, and provided facilities. Declining prices of sporting goods and increasing popularity of sports as entertainment encouraged the formation of leagues. Both amateur and semi-pro leagues were organized, providing opportunities for middle-class athletes (Women’s Sports Foundation, 2/21/2011) Industries and companies supported sports teams for women. They did this to promote personal health and worker efficiency. These teams brought advertising opportunities for the companies who supported them. This offered competitive opportunities for women and occasional income for the athletes (Women’s Sports Foundation, 2/21/2011). To satisfy the competitive urge of their students, physical educators held â€Å"Play Days† and â€Å"Sport Days† for their female students. In a play day, teams from institutions did not play each other, but were comb... ...se at the end of the race† (Smith, 1998, p. 8). Eyewitnesses proclaimed that women were in no more distress than men when they finished the race. The majority of the International Olympic Committee believed that track and field was too hard for women, and proposed other events, that included activities such as singing and dancing. The 1920s was the just the beginning of women in sports. The booming post-war economy and the sports heroines increased the popularity of women athletes. The idea of a woman was changing, from being dainty and delicate to athletic, healthy and strong. There has been a growth in opportunities for women in sports, and the media brought this competition to everyone’s attention around the world. The accomplishments of the women athletes of the 1920s were the beginning of the journey to becoming equal to men in the world of sports.

Inspector Goole in J.B.Priestley’s play, An Inspector Calls :: English Literature

What is the function of Inspector Goole in J.B.Priestley’s play, An Inspector Calls? An Inspector Calls was written in 1945 by John Boynton Priestley. The play was set in 1912 two years before the first world war so from this their would have been irony as the audience would know. The play is set in a dining room in the Birling’s residence in Brumley, North Midlands which was a fictional industrial city. At the time the play was set the world was a very class conscience place with higher and lower class depending on one thing: money. The country was set up in two categories with the socialists which consists of the Political System in which ways of community and sharing are promoted and capitalists which is the political system which values private ownership and the individual. The country really was involved around capitalist values. For example there was no welfare state. In this essay I will be focusing on the main functions of the inspector. The inspectors role is a key to the plot and conclusion and delivers morals and principles and how the functions of the inspector get used in specific places throughout the play. The play opens with the Birling family and Gerald celebrating the engagement of Gerald and Sheila. It is dramatically effective because you get to see all the characters in one room therefore seeing their personalities, instead of them being introduced one-by-one. They are celebrating and at ease which means they are a little bit drunk. The mood is very relaxed and everyone having a nice time. From the stage directions it says the mood is â€Å"pink and intimate†. We learn from Mr.Birling that he is selfish and a capitalist from his speech. He sums himself up within the opening of the play saying â€Å"that a man has to mind his own business and look after himself and his own-and-†(act one page 11) this indicates that he is a selfish man and cares for his family only (Mr.Birling is a capitalist). The mood is soon to change from relaxed and chilled to harsh when the inspector arrives. At the last word of Mr. Birlings speech the door bell rings at the right time to create tension, the doorbell ring was purposely put their to create tension and to stop Birling preaching about capitalist views. Its clever even how one word â€Å"and† can be such a tensional word as the door bell rings. In the stage directions â€Å"the lighting should be pink and intimate until the inspector arrives, and then it should be brighter and harder† it changes to as if all the characters were being

Word Recognition for the Journey of Life :: Education, Phonics

Most adults are able to see words and instantly know their meaning. For example, we will see the word futon and associate it with furniture and not foods. Word recognition is a skill that is developed over years and occurs in stages. It is important for teachers to recognize these stages and Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010) stress that knowing those stages will allow teachers to help those students with reading troubles (pg. 191). The first stage Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010) mentioned is Logographic or the visual cue reading stage. You will often hear a mothers say that her child can read because he or she recognizes words of famous landmarks. This is because they recognized word using only visual cue (pg. 191). They then shift to the second stage of partial alphabetic stage or phonic cue recoding stage. In this stage, children have a working knowledge of the alphabet. Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010) made clear that children are not reading whole words but are only looking at the first and last part of words and also mostly relying on pictures and context (pg. 192). From this stage, children move into the full alphabetic stage. Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010) say by then they are paying attention to the pattern of words and how vowels are situated (pg. 192). The last stage is big accomplishment in reading. Known as the sight word reading stage children automatically recognize words w ithout chunking or sounding out. It is within this stage that comprehension takes place. Phonics help children learn to read. It is the first step in decoding or sounding out words. The first step in teaching phonic is to teach children how to identify each letter by its name and their sounds. Flashcards are great to use in this process. The letters can be shown and students say the sounds. As they progress I would implement phonogram as described by Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010). Children need to know how combinations of letters make sounds. For example ck say k as in clock. I would teach this through word games. I would also show them that they can change letters to make new words e words such as cat into hat. Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010) went on to say that it is also effective to read a book with decodable words and manipulate letters in words to make other words (pg.

Topics

Completed Master's Research Projects Reading Education |  ·Ashcraft, Alyssa – Identifying the better strategy to increase a student’s reading rate[-;0]. July, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Bill Smith]  ·Ault, Lisa Renee – The effect of phonics instruction on oral reading fluency in a fourth grade intervention classroom[-;1]. July, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Bill Smith]  ·Bisker, Allison – What particular practices make reading recovery and other interventions effective[-;2].. /gfx/media/pdf/Ault. pdf. July, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Bill Smith]  ·Dunick, Kelly Ann – Reading intervention's affect on oral retelling abilities in kindergarten[->3].July, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Bill Smith]  ·Garrett, Lindsay – Are incentive programs to encourage at home reading affective with students at different reading levels[->4]. July, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Bill Smith]  ·Gomillion, Tricia – How well is the Vocabulary Component of the Scott Foresman’s Reading Street 2 011 Basal Reading Series Supported by Research[->5]? July, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Bill Smith]  ·Hovrath, Kelsey – Effects of Peer Tutoring on Student Achievement[->6]. July, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Bill Smith]  ·Huck, Emily – Supporting English language learners and their families[->7]. July, 2011 [Advisor: Dr.Bill Smith]| Curriculum & Instruction |  ·Malinowski, Scott S. – Including current events and current issues in social studies classroom. Is it worth it? [->8] June, 2012 [Advisor: Dr Frans Doppen]  ·McClelland, Molly M. – An evaluation of rural school consolidation: The case of Nelsonville-York City School District[->9]. June, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Stabile, Christina – Are Literature Circles an Effective Reading Strategy for Struggling Readers[->10]? June, 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen] | Middle Childhood |  ·Arrowood, Chelsie Marie – Citizenship knowledge and perceptions of exiting middle school students[->11].Decem ber, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Calstrom, Thomas Matthew – Love and War: Using Primary Sources in the Classroom[->12]. Spring, 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Dalton, Amanda – Factors affecting the health of middle school students[->13]. Spring, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Daugherty, Cheryl Mae – How do various social studies instructional methods affect student achievement in middle schools[->14]? May, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Grimm-Rice, Jaime – A case study: Using a school garden to create meaningful learning[->15]. July, 2011 [Advisor: Dr.Frans Doppen]  ·Hinkle, Jennifer – Ohio middle school principals’ perceptions of media literacy[->16]. June, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Kaskey-Roush, Meghan – How does an integrated curriculum promote critical thinking and engagement in middle school student learning[->17]? Summer, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. David Bower]  ·Lawless, Jennifer – The a dvantages and disadvantages of attending rural and urban middle schools[->18]. Spring 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Lee, Tara – The impact of afterschool programs on the academic achievement of middle school students. [->19] June, 2012 [Advisor: Dr.Frans Doppen]  ·Martin, Jennifer – The impact hands-on experiences have on interest and attitudes of middle school science learners[->20]. July, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Ralph Martin]  ·O’Callaghan, Maria Veronica Pontiveros – Middle School Teachers’ Motivation Methods[->21]. May, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Perko, Heike – Teacher and student dispositions towards using a school garden as a classroom setting: A case study[->22]. Spring 2012 [Advisor: Dr Frans Doppen]  ·Quinn, Shane M. – The Student-Centered Model of learning: A comprehensive model of student[->23].May, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. David Bower]  ·Perricelli, Danielle – Social studies and motivating factors: Vie ws of fourth grade elementary students[->24]. Spring, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Reiter, Terry – Why we teach as a second career[->25]. June, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Ralph Martin]  ·Weaver, Joel – The effect of self-efficacy on motivation and achievement among fifth grade science students[->26]. July, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. David Bower] | Adolescent-to-Young-Adult|  ·Bhutta, Qurat – Teacher experiences and perceptions: Multicultural literature[->27]. August, 2010 [Advisor: Dr.Guofong Wan]  ·Brignolo, Evan – Literature circles in a secondary language arts classroom[->28]. June, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Guofong Wan]  ·Brown, Elizabeth – Improving attitudes and motivation to read through independent, self-selected readingin the Middle Grades[->29]. July, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Guofong Wan]  ·Carlson, Robert – Social studies teachers' background and perceptions of geography as a discipline. [-;30] June, 2012 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Chon ko II, Andrew – Primary sources, critical thinking and historical thinking in a ninth grade social studies class[-;31].November, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·DeWolfe, Justin – Resources for gay and lesbian students at the high school level[-;32]. August, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Doane, Benjamin Thomas – The relationship between school facilities and academic achievement[-;33]. December, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Ellison, Randy D. – Modern attitudes toward the teaching of military history[-;34]. July, 2012 [Advisor: Dr Frans Doppen]  ·Enmen-Budeiri, Laurel – Should Young Adult and Multicultural Literature Have a Permanent Place in the Secondary English Classroom[-;35]? June, 2011 [Advisor: Dr.Guofong Wan]  ·Graves, Elizabeth A. – Is role-playing an effective teaching method[-;36]? May, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Green, Kelsey – The Impact of Teacher Expectations and Student–Teacher Rela tionships[-;37]. November, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Guofong Wan]  ·Horner, Andrea – The forgotten war: Multiple perspectives on the Korean war in American history textbooks[-;38]. November, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Lawhon, Megan A. – The effects of service-learning on the citizenship attitudes of at-risk students in an after-school program[-;39]. June, 2010 [Advisor: Dr.Frans Doppen]  ·Locasio, Peter – Exploring the Connection Between Secondary Social Studies Teachers and Museum Educators[-;40]. July, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Malinowski, Scott – Including current events and current issues in the social studies classroom: Is it worth it? [-;41] June, 2012 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Mansfield, Abbigail – How does parental involvement affect middle school student achievement[-;42]? Winter, 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Moore, Danielle – Multicultural literature and ethnic identity development: An opportunity fo r exploration[-;43]. June, 2008 [Advisor: Dr.Frans Doppen]  ·Moore, Lena – Literature circles in the high school English classroom[-;44]. June, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Guofong Wan]  ·Nevil, Steven – Teachers' perspectives on use of movies in the social studies classroom. [->45] August, 2012 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Palmer, James K. – Factors that contribute to low achievement on the science portion of the Ohio high school graduation test[->46]. March, 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Ralph Martin]  ·Rinaldi-Eichenberg, Michael – Background music in the classroom: How does it affect student mood and learning[->47]? June, 2010 [Advisor: Dr.Guofong Wan]  ·Robinson, Brenda – Educational achievement, school experience and recidivism among youth at a residential treatment facility[->48]. March, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Shearer, Adriel Ezra – The impact of a new school facility: One district’s experience[->49]. January, 2010.  ·Smith , Geoffrey – Is film an effective teaching tool for high school literature[->50]? June, 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Guofong Wan]  ·Stowe, Tara Griffits – The Effects of High-Stakes Testing Upon Non-Traditional Instructional Methodologies in Midwest Appalachia Tara Griffitts Stowe Master's Research Project[-;51]. March, 2011. Advisor: Dr. Guofong Wan]  ·Viani, Eric – Student perceptions of note-taking in a ninth grade social studies class[-;52]. August, 2011. [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Wion, William – Teacher perspectives on economic education[-;53]. Spring, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Wood, Dustin – No Child Left Behind and the achievement gap: Contributing factors and trends in student populations[-;54]. November, 2007 [Advisor: Dr. Frans Doppen]  ·Yoder, Drew – How do I keep these kids motivated? †: An evaluation of high school social studies teachers’ perceptions of motivational teaching and their implementations[- ;55].December, 2010 [Advisor Dr. Frans Doppen]| Special Education |  ·Abbott, Carrie – Are there differences in test anxiety levels for middle school students with and without disabilities[-;56]? October, 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Ahmed, Areej – Perceptions of using assistive technology for students with disabilitiesin the classroom[-;57]. June, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Alspach, Summer – The effects of reader's theater on fluency of elementary students with learning disabilities[->58]. June, 2010 [Advisor: Dr.Dianne Gut]  ·Arno, Anne – General education classrooms and resource rooms: What is taught and the quality of communication between teachers[->59]. March, 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Bailey, Katherine – The impact of physical activities on children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder’s ability to focus[->60]. August, 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Bensman, Natalie – Perceptions of poten tial teachers toward individuals with visible and non-visible disabilities[->61]. August, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Marta Roth]  ·Boeshansz, Marjorie – The effects of curriculum based yoga on children ith attention deficit hyperactivity disorder[->62]. June, 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Bolin, Jason – Improving the classroom for students: What are effective instructional strategies forchildren with attention deficits[->63]? June, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Callahan, Raechel – Perceptions and use of graphic novels in the classroom[->64]. June, 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Carlson, Rashika – Effectiveness of Guided Reading on the Reading Ability of Students with Learning Disabilities[->65]. June, 2011 [Advisor: Dr.Dianne Gut]  ·Cole, Samantha – Singing your way to phonological awareness[->66]. July, 2012 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Covey, John – Do computers help educators navigate the myriad of paperwork seen in special edu cation, or do they add to the frustration? [->67] March, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Crist, James L. – The Effectiveness of the Jigsaw Approach and Other Cooperative learning Strategies with Students with Learning Disabilities[->68]. December, 2012 [Advisor: Dr Dianne Gut]  ·Crow, Kirk – Graduation and then what? A case study of one rural Appalachian high school[->69]. June, 2011 [Advisor: Dr.Dianne Gut]  ·Cullums, Shiela – Cognitive Learning with Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic, Tactile, and Multi-sensory Learning, and Academic Performance in the Classroom. [->70] December, 2012 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·DeHainaut, Rachel – The impact of daily reflection on long-term content mastery: A useful strategy inlow-resource environments[->71]. June, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Dooley, Adam – The effects of differentiated instruction on a fourth grade science class[->72]. June, 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Eckelberry, Erin  œ Using social stories with children with autism, learning disabilities and ADHD[->73].November, 2007 [Advisor: Dr. Marta Roth]  ·Elkins, K. Helena – Effectiveness of PowerPoint presentation as an instructional delivery system paired with direct instruction for teaching reading to students with specific learning disabilities[->74]. November, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Engle, Brandi – Parent Participation: Increasing Parent Involvement in the Individualized Education Program process in grades 6-12[->75]. June, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Eppley, Amanda – Pre-service Teacher Candidates Experiences with Literature with Characters with Disabilities and a Framework for classroom Implementation. ->76] December, 2012 [Advisor: Dr Dianne Gut]  ·Funk, Jodi – Assessing Ohio‘s teacher knowledge of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Are current teachers adequately prepared to meet the needs of students with ADHD? [->77] October, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Gregg, Dani – The benefits and drawbacks of co-teaching in an inclusive middle school[->78]. May, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Grogan, Shannon – Does High-Stakes Testing Interfere withUsing Diverse Teaching Methods? [->79] June, 2008 [Advisor: Dr.Marta Roth]  ·Gueth, Lindsay – DIBELLS oral retell fluency as a predictor of reading comprehension in fifth grade students with learning disabilities[->80]. August, 2012 [Advisor: Dr Dianne Gut]  ·Johnston, Teresa – Examining the Relationship between Inattention and Reading Abilities in Students[->81]. December, 2012 [Advisor: Dr Dianne Gut]  ·Juarez-Porter Carlyle, A. Renee – â€Å"Three Days in Perspective†: A Role-Play Simulation Game for Informing Pre-Service Teachers’ Perspectives of Individuals with Exceptionalities[->82].December, 2012 [Advisor: Dr Dianne Gut]  ·Kemper, Deborah – Does Small Group Reading Instruction Increase Oral Reading Fluency in Children With and Without Learning Disabilities? [->83] December, 2012 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Kinniard, Josh – Does attitude impact academic achievement[->84]? August, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Kocher, James – Anxiety levels and high-stakes testing in at-risk students[->85]. August, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Leland, Kimberly – How do high school senior students perceive their transition programming at a career and technical school? ->86] May, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·McDonough, Haley – The contribution of music to student focus and time-on-task behavior for students identified with disabilities and whole class computer use[->87]. June, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·McNeeley, Colleen – Examining Intervention Support in Mathematics: Can students' attitudes and achievement be positively affected[-;88]? June, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Menikheim, Fonda Fay – In Ohio, are the Tea chers of Today and Tomorrow Prepared to Teach Students with Dyslexia? [-;89] November, 2012 [Advisor: Dr.Dianne Gut]  ·Molnar, Sallie – Teachers understanding of traumatic brain injury[-;90]. June, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Moore, Ashley – Socio-economic status and its role in school funding[-;91]. November, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Morris, Alison – Using peer tutoring in limited resource environments to include students with disabilities: What do teachers think[-;92]? November, 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Marta Roth]  ·Morris, Amanda – Strategies teachers use to help students with test anxiety in limited resource environments[-;93]. November, 2010 [Advisor: Dr.Dianne Gut]  ·Newberry, Jennifer – Specific language-impairment (SLI) and literacy: teachers’ knowledge and practice[-;94]. March, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Marta Roth]  ·Nogrady, Debbie – School-home communication: An examination of the methods and nature of teacher s' communication to parents of students receiving special education services[->95]. June, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Nylund Domacasse, Gina – Disabilities in children's literature[-;96]. June, 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Parker, Erin – Inclusion strategies in the visual arts classroom[-;97]. June, 2009 [Advisor: Dr.Dianne Gut]  ·Parrotti, Talia – Are Pre-Service Teacher Candidates Prepared to Co-teach in Today's Classroom? [->98] June, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Pence, Sjanneke – What effect do varying models of co-teaching have on math and reading achievement scores of typical middle school students with IEPs in a district with limited resources[->99]? June, 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Marta Roth]  ·Pepper, Andrea – An Internet survey: Personal perspectives of effective educational and social strategies used by individuals with aspergers or high functioning autism[->100]. June, 2010 [Advisor: Dr.Dianne Gut]  ·Porter, Susan â₠¬â€œ Using an interactive response collection system to increase classroom formative assessment in an effort to improve student self-efficacy in mathematics in limited resource environments. [->101] June, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Price, Keith – The benefits of pullout adapted physical education class for students identified for special education services[->102]. March, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Quinn II, Patrick – A comparison of regular public and special public school teachers’ perceptions regarding obesity as it occurs in students with multiple disabilities[->103].June, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Marta Roth]  ·Raike, Jacyln – Least Restrictive Environment: Influences on Placement Decisions in Rural Appalachian Ohio[->104]. June, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Marta Roth]  ·Ransom, Veronica K. – Transition services: Do students have access? [->105] August, 2012 [Advisor Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Riggs, Erin – Multi-sensory approaches to spell ing and reading instruction for students with learning disabilities[->106]. May, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Ruff, Lisa – Special and general high school education teachers' attitudes and erceptions towards inclusion in the classroom in limited resources environments[-;107]. October, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Sammons, Angelina – Vital components needed for successful inclusion[-;108]. March, 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Marta Roth]  ·Scholl, Tamara – How are persons with disabilities protrayed in children's television programming[->109]? June, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Schmidt, Debbie – Influence of year-round schooling on reading achievement[->110]. August, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Scurlock, Marilyn – Using social stories with children with Asperger Syndrome[->111].June, 2008 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Seymour, Megan – The benefits of the headsprout reading comprehension programfor children with autism[->112]. June, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Shaffer, Staphanie – Parent satisfaction with the IEP process: Parents of students with mild disabilities and parents of students with severe disabilities[->113]. June, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Slone, Heidi – White noise and the learner in limited resource environments[->114]. November, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Smith, Martha – Effective strategies for teaching students[->115].August, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Sullivan, Jamie – Service-learning: Increasing academic engagement in at-risk youth in Southeast Ohio[->116]. March, 2011 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Terry, Danielle – Use of a Stress Ball in the Classroom for Students Diagnosed with ADHD. [->117] December, 2012 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Terry, Rachel – Teacher efficacy in reading tutoring in limited resource environments[->118]. June, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Thompson, Amy – Barriers to individ ualized education planning in the Appalachian region of Ohio[->119]. November, 2010 [Advisor: Dr.Dianne Gut]  ·Tracey, Teresa Bigham – Do teachers have a negative attitude towards the inclusion of students with special needs[->120]? November, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Turnbull, Kelli – The Benefits of Inclusion for Peers Without Disabilities[->121]. May, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Brett Noel]  ·Valentine, Karen – Post school needs of individuals with mild to moderate disabilities in Pickaway County, Ohio, a limited resource environment[->122]. August, 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Verba, Laurie – Inclusion: The varying perspectives of elementary, middle, and high school teachers in low resource schools[->123].July 2010 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Washam, Morgan – Does Providing Students with Choices in the Reading Curriculum Correlate to Higher Comprehension Scores? [->124] December, 2012 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Webb, Abagail â₠¬â€œ Footloose and fancy free: The impact of physical play on hyperactivity in school-age children[->125]. June, 2009 [Advisor: Dr. Dianne Gut]  ·Wilson, Kristin – Self-management of classroom preparedness: Effects on students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and specific learning disabilities in limited resource environments[->126]. November, 2010 [Advisor: Dr.Dianne Gut] | | [->0] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/Ashcraft_Alyssa. pdf [->1] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/Ault. pdf [->2] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/Bisker. pdf [->3] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/Dunick. pdf [->4] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/Garrett. pdf [->5] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/Gomillion. pdf [->6] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/Horvath. pdf [->7] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/Huck. pdf [->8] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/MRPFINALCOLE_000. pdf [->9] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/mclelland. pdf [->10] – documents/stabile. pdf [->11] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/arrowood. pdf [->12] – documents/calstrom. pdf [->13] – documents/dalton. pdf ->14] – documents/daugherty. pdf [->15] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/rice_000. pdf [->16] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/hinkle. pdf [->17] – documents/roush. pdf [->18] – documents/Lawless_Final. pdf [->19] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/MRPFINALDRAFTLEE. pdf [->20] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/martin. pdf [->21] – documents/ocallaghan. pdf [->22] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/MRPFINALPERKO. pdf [->23] – documents/quinn. pdf [->24] – documents/pericelli. pdf [->25] – documents/reiter. doc [->26] – documents/weaver. pdf [->27] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/bhutta. pdf [->28] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/brignolo. pdf ->29] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/brown. pdf [->30] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/MRPFINALCARLSON. pdf [->31] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/chonko. pdf [->32] – documents/dewolf. pdf [->33] – documents/Doane_2008_1219. pdf [->34] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/ELLISONMRP. pdf [->35] â€⠀œ .. /gfx/media/pdf/Enmen-Budeiri. pdf [->36] – documents/graves. pdf [->37] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/kelsey. pdf [->38] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/horner. pdf [->39] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/lawhon. pdf [->40] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/LOCASCIO_MRP_FINAL. pdf [->41] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/MRPFINALMALINOWSKI. pdf [->42] – documents/Mansfield_2009. df [->43] – documents/Final2008_0606. pdf [->44] – documents/LenaMooreFinalDraft. pdf [->45] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/NEVILMRP. pdf [->46] – documents/Palmer_3102009. pdf [->47] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/rinaldi. pdf [->48] – documents/edu_achiev_sch. pdf2. pdf [->49] – documents/shearer. pdf [->50] – documents/smith_09. pdf [->51] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/stowe. pdf [->52] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/viani. pdf [->53] – documents/wion. pdf [->54] – documents/Wood-F07. pdf [->55] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/yoder. pdf [->56] – documents/abbott. pdf [- >57] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/ahmed. df [->58] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/alspach. pdf [->59] – documents/Arno. pdf [->60] – documents/bailey. pdf [->61] – documents/bensman. pdf [->62] – documents/boeshansz. pdf [->63] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/bolin. pdf [->64] – documents/callahan. pdf [->65] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/carlson. pdf [->66] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/ColeMRP_000. pdf [->67] – documents/john_covey. pdf [->68] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/MRP-JCrist-CooperativeLearning. pdf [->69] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/crow. pdf [->70] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/SCullums_MRP. pdf [->71] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/dehainaut. pdf ->72] – documents/dooley. pdf [->73] – documents/Eckelberry-F07. pdf [->74] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/elkins. pdf [->75] – documents/engle. pdf [->76] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/EppleyMRP2012-pdf. pdf [->77] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/funk. pdf [->78] – documents/gregg. pdf [->79] â⠂¬â€œ documents/GroganSMRPSpEd08. pdf [->80] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/GUETHMRP. pdf [->81] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/TeresaJohnstonReadingSkillsandInattention. pdf [->82] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/RJPCMRPFinal. pdf [->83] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/KemperMRPFinalDocument. pdf [->84] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/kinniard. pdf ->85] – documents/kocher. pdf [->86] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/leland. pdf [->87] – documents/mcdonough. pdf [->88] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/McNeeleyMRP. pdf [->89] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/Menikheimfinalmastersresearchproject. pdf [->90] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/tbi6. pdf [->91] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/moore. pdf [->92] – documents/morris. pdf [->93] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/morris. pdf [->94] – documents/EDTE691_2008_JNewberry. pdf [->95] – documents/Nogrady. pdf [->96] – documents/nylund. pdf [->97] – documents/Parker. pdf [->98] – .. /gfx/media/pdf/parrotti. pdf [->99] – documents/p ence. df [->100] – .. 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